2024-07-22
5 Mins Read
Colorectal cancer is the second most common cancer in Hong Kong. According to the data from Centre for Health Protection, there are over 5,000 new cases each year, accounting for more than 15% of all new cancer diagnoses. The risk of developing colorectal cancer increases with age, particularly for individuals over 50.
Early detection and treatment can cure many cases of colorectal cancer. However, early symptoms are often subtle and go unnoticed, leading to late-stage diagnoses. Understanding the causes, symptoms, diagnosis, and preventions of colorectal cancer can help with early detection. Even if diagnosed, prompt treatment can accelerate recovery and prevent recurrence.
High-risk groups of colorectal cancer:
The four early symptoms of colorectal cancer
Understanding the four early symptoms of colorectal cancer can help ensure timely and appropriate treatment and management, improving outcomes and survival rates. If you or family member experience any of the following symptoms, seek medical attention promptly.
1. Blood in the stool
Blood in the stool is a primary early symptom of colorectal cancer. This typically appears as bright red or dark red blood in your stool and may indicate bleeding in the digestive tract. Even a small amount of blood should be taken seriously and warrant an immediate medical examination.
2. Changes in bowel habits
Colorectal cancer often causes changes in bowel habits, including constipation or diarrhea. If you notice an increase or decrease in bowel frequency, or if the shape and colour of your stool are abnormal, it could be an early warning sign of colorectal cancer. Seek medical evaluation as soon as possible.
3. Abdominal pain and cramps
Colorectal cancer can lead to bowel obstruction or narrowing, resulting in abdominal pain, bloating, and cramps. These symptoms often occur in the lower abdomen and may be accompanied by difficulty or inability to pass stool.
4. Unexplained weight loss or fatigue
Patients with colorectal cancer often feel fatigue that does not improve with rest. Additionally, as the tumour consumes the body's nutrients, significant weight loss may occur even without changes in diet or increased physical activity.
Diagnostic methods for colorectal cancer
If symptoms of colorectal cancer are observed, you will typically first consult a general practitioner. If necessary, the general practitioner will refer you to a specialist for further investigation:
1. Digital rectal examination
This is usually the first check for colorectal cancer. The doctor will wear gloves and insert a finger into your rectum to feel for any lumps or swellings. Digital examination however can only detect cancer near the area of the anus.
2. Blood tests
Some colorectal cancer patients have elevated levels of a protein called CEA (Carcinoembryonic Antigen) and can be detected through a blood test. However, relying solely on CEA levels is not sufficient for diagnosing colorectal cancer.
3. Fecal immunochemical test (FIT)
This test involves collecting stool samples at home and submitting them to a lab for analysis. If the test detects hidden blood in the stool, it suggests bleeding in the digestive tract, and a colonoscopy is usually recommended for further investigation.
4. Colonoscopy
A colonoscopy allows direct visual inspection of the intestine's interior for abnormalities. During the procedure, the patient lies on their side while the doctor gently pass a flexible tube (a colonoscope) into your back passage. The tube is flexible and can be used to examine the entire length of the large intestine. If polyps are found, they can be removed during the procedure to reduce the risk of cancer. Tissue samples can also be taken for biopsy if necessary.
5. Barium enema
Although less commonly used, a barium enema X-ray is a specialised imaging test for the large intestine. During the procedure, barium is introduced into the intestine via the rectum, and air is pumped in to expand the intestine. This enhances the visibility of the intestine’s outline on X-rays, allowing healthcare professionals to detect any abnormalities. This method is less popular nowadays because of the general availability of colonoscopy.
Preventing colorectal cancer
Prevention is better than cure. By maintaining healthy habits, you can actively prevent colorectal cancer and reduce your risk.
Adjusting dietary habits
Exercise and healthy lifestyle
Regular screening
Regular colorectal cancer screening, such as colonoscopies or fecal immunochemical test, can detect and treat conditions early before they worsen. Certain groups or those with a family history may need more frequent screenings, and your doctor can develop a screening plan based on your risk factors. The Department of Health’s Colorectal Cancer Screening Programme subsidises asymptomatic Hong Kong residents aged 50 to 75 to receive screening services in the private sector. Eligible individuals can search for participating doctors on the Department of Health’s website.
Proactively tackling colorectal cancer for a peace of mind
In the fast-paced urban lifestyle, irregular eating habits, a preference for red meat, and unhealthy living practices have made colorectal cancer one of the most common cancers in Hong Kong. Early-stage colorectal cancer symptoms are often difficult to detect, making early diagnosis and treatment crucial. Catching the disease early can reduce the chances of it worsening and prevent the high costs and long-term burden of treatment.
In addition to changing diet and lifestyle habits for early prevention, there are now critical illness insurance products available that provide coverage for early-stage risks, such as colorectal serrated adenoma, a precancerous lesion of colorectal cancer. These insurances can provide financial support and effectively reduce the financial pressure of patients and families during the treatment process.
Finally, I encourage everyone to prioritise their health and maintain a healthy lifestyle. Health is our most precious asset. Regular colorectal cancer screenings offer peace of mind for you and your loved ones. With good health, you can enjoy a wonderful life together with your family!
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9. 大腸癌 香港特別行政區政府 衞生署 衞生防護中心(2023) https://www.chp.gov.hk/tc/healthtopics/content/25/51.html
10. 大腸癌治療與預防第六版 香港防癌會
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